Physiotherapy

Manila, PHILIPPINES


Joined August 19th 2007

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Frederick Agustin, PTRP

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Pepsinogen
Pepsinogen release is dependent on the acetylcholine stimulation of the peptic cells, and the presence of hydrochloric acid in the stomach. Pepsinogen per se has no digestive function. When it comes in contact with previously formed pepsin and hydrochloric acid, it is activated as pepsin. Pepsin is as necessary as hydrochloric acid for protein digestion in the stomach.
The proteolytic activity of pepsin takes place in an acidic setting (optimum pH of 1.8 to 3.5). Above 5, pepsin has almost no activity.

Acid-Peptic Disorder
The pathology of acid-peptic disorder lies behind the imbalance between the rate of secretion of gastric juice and the degree of protection provided by the mucosal barrier and neutralization of gastric juice by pancreatic secretions. The scenario can be caused by Helicobacter pylori infecting the gastrointestinal tract and hypersecretion of acid-peptic complex. Smoking can also increase nervous stimulation of the stomach secretory glands. Alcohol and aspirin in turn breaks the mucosal barrier. Caffeine also increases gastric acidity.
Caffeine inhibits phosphodiesterase thus increasing cAMP within cells. In the parietal cells, this will mean a stimulation of gastric juice secretion. Aspirin and other non-selective anti-inflammatory drugs inhibt COX1, which generates prostanoid for epithelial cytoprotection.
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The Physiology of Gastric Secretions 5

February 1st 2010 16:34
Phases of Gastric Secretion
Gastric secretion involves three phases: cephalic, gastric, and intestinal phase. Cephalic phase occurs even before food enters the stomach. It results from the sight, smell, thought, or taste of food. “Neurogenic signals that cause the cephalic phase of gastric secretion can originate in the cerebral cortex or in the appetite centers of the amygdala or hypothalamus. They are transmitted through the dorsal motor nuclei of the vagi and then through the vagus nerves to the stomach (Guyton and Hall, 2000).” The cephalic phase accounts to 20 percent of gastric secretion.
The gastric phase accounts for 70 percent of gastric secretion. Once food enters the stomach, it excites the vagovagal reflexes, the local enteric reflexes, and the gastrin mechanism.
The presence of food in the upper part of the small intestine can cause the stomach to further release gastric juice. This is caused by small amount of gastrin secreted in the mentioned site of the small intestine.
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The Physiology of Gastric Secretions 4

January 30th 2010 16:31
Regulation of Gastric Secretion by Nervous and Hormonal Mechanism
The basic factors that stimulate gastric secretion are acetylcholine (involved via vagal/parasympathetic stimulation), gastrin, and histamine. These substances function by attaching to specific receptors, leading to the secretion of the gastric glands. Acetylcholine excites all glands involved in the secretion of hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen, and mucus. Histamine and gastrin, on the other hand, strongly stimulate the secretion of hydrochloric acid by the parietal cells but have little effect in stimulating other gastric secretory cells.

The enteric nervous system can stimulate release of H (to form HCl), either directly or indirectly. The nerve endings of fibers innervating the parietal cells secrete acetylcholie at the neuroeffector junction. The corresponding receptor is M3. Succeeding events include the increase in cytosolic calcium, stimulation of protein kinases, and activation of H /K ATPase. The end result is increased hydrochloric acid secretion.
The indirect stimulation of the parietal cells by the nervous system occurs as acetylcholine attaches to M1 receptor of enterochromaffin-like cells. This gives way to the release of histamine. Histamine in turn binds to H2 receptors found in the parietal cells. Afterwards adenylyl cyclase gets activated. This increases intracellular cAMP, activating protein kinase. Eventually this will stmulate H /K ATPase.
The same direct and indirect mechanisms can be onserved in parietal stimulation by gastrin-secreting cells.
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The Physiology of Gastric Secretions 3

January 27th 2010 16:20
The Stomach
The main site of pathology in acid-peptic diseases is the stomach. It is therefore the site of action of the antacids used in treating these disorders. It is indeed important to know how stomach contributes in the chemical digestion of food. What are the glands in the stomach involved in the process? What specific substances are they secreting? What are the stimuli and the mechanisms involved in the release and regulation of these secretions? How does an excess of these secretions contribute to the development of acid-peptic disorders?

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The Physiology of Gastric Secretions

January 19th 2010 12:38
The Gastrointestinal Tract and the Accessory Organs for Digestion
The gastrointestinal tract or the alimentary tract is divided into two main parts: the upper and the lower. The upper part includes the mouth, the pharynx, the esophagus, and the stomach. The lower part is composed of the small and the large intestine, together with the anus.
Throughout the tract, we see many specialized glands. The functions of these secretory glands are: (1) for digestion of food through enzymes secreted anywhere from the mouth down to the distal end of the ileum; and (2) for lubrication and protection of the tract as being carried out by mucus secreted from mouth to anus.

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The Physiology of Gastric Secretions

January 17th 2010 12:37
Antacids are drugs used to reduce intra-gastric acidity. They are mostly indicated in addressing stomach conditions that are characterized by an increase in the stomach acidity, like gastro-esophageal reflux and peptic ulcer. Collectively these conditions are termed as acid-peptic diseases.
In these disorders, the excessively low pH of the gastric content-major contributor is the hydrochloric acid and pepsin- erodes mainly the mucosal barrier of the gastric epithelium, leading to inflammation and ulceration. Epithelial injuries to nearby structures like in the esophagus are possible though, since gastric contents can spill out to the said area (as in gastro-esophageal reflux).

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What's going on in Parkinson's disease?

December 25th 2009 06:16
In PD the patient's brain has neurotransmitter imbalance. Neurotransmitter are substances which signal specific instructions for proper functioning of our nervous system.

In this case the neurotransmitter imbalance is between dopamine and acetylcholine. dopamine becomes less, and because of this nothing restricts the excitatory functions of acetylcholine. And so the muscles are always contracted (excited), even in an individual's resting state.

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Parkinson's Disease

December 23rd 2009 12:55
Lately an NBA forward, Brian Grant was reported to have Parkinson's disease. At 37 years old, such news is very unusual coz the condition usually affects old people.

Other known personalities diagnosed to have Parkinson's are Michael J. Fox and Muhammad Ali.

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Emphysema

October 14th 2009 18:43
Emphysema belongs to a group of diseases known as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases. Such condition may be genetically predisposed due to a defect or lack in alpha1 anti-trypsin, which (simple and plain) protects the pulmonary system from damage caused by exttrinsic or intrinsic factors.

Nevertheless, more commonly affected by the disease are adults, due to long term smoking or environmental pollution


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A Type of Drug-Food Interaction 5

October 5th 2009 06:53
Patient was given Phentolamine. How does it act? Why was it useful in this case? Phentolamine is a non-selective alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist. It inhibits alpha 1 receptors usually found in the smooth muscles of blood vessels, allowing the walls to relax and the lumen to dilate. This will decrease vascular resistance and blood pressure. However it inhibits presynaptic alpha 2 receptors as well. Alpha 2 modulates release of catecholamines in the presynaptic terminals. Phentolamine, therefore, will inhibit such modulation. Its potential effect is usually seen in the heart as tachycardia.
The use of phentolamine for hypertensive emergencies is justified with the rationale that we would want to counteract overexpression of sympathomimetic effect, as occurring with the presence of tyramine. According to Hoffman (2007) phentolamine and other alpha blockers theoretically bring about such effect.
In the management of emergency hypertension, we would not want to abruptly decrease the pressure for this may cause hypoperfusion. A 25% initial decrease in blood pressure is ideal. Phentolamine being a non-selective drug should help in acquiring this effect. Because of phentolamine, peripheral resistance decreases (alpha 1 antagonism), but cardiac output potentially increases (alpha 2 antagonism). The decrease of pressure is due to decreased vascular resistance. But such decrease is only gradual for blood flow and cardiac output will increase


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Recent Comments

Comment by Physiotherapy
on Orble Comment Ignore Link

October 14th 2009 18:38
hey jon...how are you doin? i just checked my blog stats and i cant believe it.0 hit 0 readers, no nothing at all.is that possible? does it happen overnight? thanks...

hi! are you in manila? coz we offer pt services at the Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila in Intramuros. They can help you with your relative. If you are in Caloocan North, Hospital at Tala can provide you assistance...why don't you try POC? they only charge minimally...

Comment by Physiotherapy
on What is Toxic Shock Syndrome

August 5th 2009 01:39
the causative agent here is staph. aureus...a bacteria normally residing in the skin which should not cause any disease...but because of unexpected incidents like laceration and others, they enter our body and exert virulence...and so prophylaxis maybe needed to prevent infection...

Comment by Physiotherapy
on Emphysema

July 9th 2009 21:16

Comment by Physiotherapy
on This pain is like . . . wow

July 9th 2009 21:09
when does the pain hurt the most? when bending or when standing/straightening up? if it hurts the most upon bending (bulging discs usually cause such) I think Mckenzie's execises can help you...simple exercises...owww also...is your back warm to touch?if it is apply cold compress on your back for 15 minutes.if it's not, try warm compress over the back for 30 minutes. well it's still best that you seek professional consult...

Comment by Physiotherapy
on What is Multiple Sclerosis?

June 22nd 2009 16:47
Thanks Techno! hi Wilson...you are right...we have to maintain good lifestyle though so as not to acquire those terrifying conditions...

Comment by Physiotherapy
on Multiple sclerosis

June 22nd 2009 16:42
hi katyzzz! thank you!

Kristin, Anonymous I am sorry to learn that part of your family has the disease...I hope everything goes well...

probably that's another factor chuck...poor foul shouting...

you know what, these proteins can make or break the nervous system...as for example excessive amyloid plaques or defective tau proteins can cause alzheimer's disease...i hope you don't mind clipping my link HERE...it's ok if you won't allow...hehe

You know what? I was thinking...if all parents will be vigilant enough to guide their children, what a great world this would be! But now, we see children being involved in crimes, drug abuse, etc...And there's the internet where they learn pornography and stuffs like that...the parents have to gain great knowledge in rearing their children before planning to have one.