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Earth jurisprudence and Wild Law

April 9th 2009 00:06
Earth Jurisprudence seeks to revolutionise our legal systems to enable all life, ecosystems, habitats to have rights within the court of law. The staggering scale and enormity of such a concept is beyond my comprehension. The implications of a legal system that gives rights to the natural world are far reaching and if possible seem to able to change all that is bad in our present system. The land that so many people rely on in life can be protected not for profit, not for ownership but for the very essence of life that entitles it to rights it should already have.

To understand the whole concept of Wild Law a grasp of environmental law is needed. This is beyond the scope of the present post, however I plan to create more posts on this in the future. The basics are that the environment has no rights par say. The law is based on ownership and protection. If someone pollutes or causes damage to land that you owe you can start legal procedures against the person who caused the pollution. However a direct link must be established to an act that that person has done. Earth Jurisprudence aims to give legal rights to the land and the eco systems itself. The same rights that we take for granted and have fought for over generations can be established for the earth. Now clearly there are several levels that you can take this to. The pragmatic, sustainable development approach, I dislike this term but what else to use?, would suggest that some habitat destruction, modification and fragmentation is unavoidable in feeding and providing for the billions of humans on the planet.


Another take on the theory would be the complete cessation on the exploitation of the environment. However where do you draw the line? Producing any food, even using perma-culture practices will in some way effect biodiversity, habitat health, damage or destroy life, i.e. unwanted weeds that cant be used as mulch, pest controls etc. Can truly earth friendly farming methods feed billions of people? I for one am dubious that it can although I detest large scale mono-culture agriculture. One solution is provided by a certain Mr Lovelock who suggests that synthetic food should be used to feed the world and large areas of the world should be given back to nature so that succession can occur leading to natural climax species. Many would despair at the idea of synthetic food but it must be said the idea of leaving all the farming fields to nature is appealing to me. However it is not a popular choice or one that is going to happen.


So clearly just the subject of feeding the worlds population has massive implications for trying to bring wild law in to practice. Is the concept viable? Well greater minds than I with greater understanding of Law are working on this. However the concept is simple enough, that all life of all forms not just Humans have rights. Land owner ship would be completely changed. How many reports in popular science journals, magazines, documentaries report on the unfair removal of people from their land due to the pressures of giant cooperation's using the land to generate wealth? If the land itself has rights then the courts have to take this into consideration when considering land rights, permissions to dig, drill, mine, clear, evacuate, burn whatever other destruction is occurring in the name of development.

There is a huge problem with the concept and one that the present system faces. How do we enable the worlds poor to live at the same standard that we take for granted? We can not deny the rest of the world the same living standards. How ever the world can not provide for the whole planet if the everyone lives like the average American or European.

A digression away for Wild Law but it is therefore obvious that we as the west need to decrease our energy consumption and waste, both of resources such as water, and of refuse, and aim for a model and standard of life that is attainable for everyone. There is one snag though and that is energy. In attaining the same level of technological and system provision throughout the planet will increase our energy consumption by a magnitude that I would hate to have to estimate. Needless to say that it is out side of our ability to produce without destroying huge areas of land, even with sustainable fuels,that's a lot of wind turbines!

At present I have far too much work to do for my masters dissertation on deforestation monitoring in Sumatra. However I plan to write a much more in depth post on this subject in the not so distant future. I therefore plead the reader to investigate into earth jurisprudence and wild law, an amazing,audacious and simple idea that could just change our whole outlook and approach to the natural world.
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The Response of the International Community to Climate Change


The subject of Climate change was first addressed by the international community in 1988 when the United Nations General Assembly passed the Resolution res/43/53 . The WMO and UNEP then formed the IPPC in the same year. The Framework Convention on Climate Change UNFCCC was signed in 1992, Annex 1 countries agreed to voluntarily cut GHG emissions to pre-1990 levels, which was then added to by the Kyoto Protocol in 1997 which sets legally binding targets. Furthermore the Bali roadmap in 2007 and just recently The UN Bangkok Climate Change Talks in 2008 are further commitments by the international community to tackle “The biggest threat faced by Man today”
In 1998 The UN General Assembly passed Resolution 43/53 which aimed to protect the global climate. It also states that climate change should be “confronted within a global framework”. To give independent scientific guidance to the UN’s resolutions the IPCC – intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change was formed. An independent body and collection of multi-national and multidisciplinary scientists, it released its first report in 1990 stating that the climate was indeed warming and that it was caused by human activity or anthropocentric..
The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is the parent treaty of the Kyoto Protocol . Signed at the UN Conference on Environment and Development, dubbed Earth Summit by the worlds press, in Rio De Janeiro June 4th 1992 . The convention aimed to stabilize concentrations of GHG’s ( green house gasses) but emphasizing the need to continue food production and economic development. The Convention set a voluntary target of returning GHG’s to 1990 levels. The convention separated the responsibility of the emissions reduction between two separate groups, Industrialized and still developing countries. The Conventions Principles;”
• The Climate must be protected for the benefit of present and future generations
• Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty should not be used as a reason for postponing precautionary measures.
• Economic development is essential for adopting measures to address climate change. The parties therefore have a right to, and should promote, sustainable development.
• Measure taken to combat climate change should not restrict international trade or discriminate parties involved in it.” (Thornton and Beckworth, 2004, p.57)

The Kyoto Protocol introduced legally binding emission-cut targets for the parties to meet within a specified time frame. Annex 1 nations have targets to reduce their emissions below that of their 1990 value during the 1st commitment period. The parties are obliged to report land use change, fund and promote greener technologies, observe and record the parties GHG omissions and develop the infrastructure to both adapt-to and mitigate climate change.


It also introduced Kyoto mechanisms to reduce the economical impact of reducing GHG emissions. These included; Emissions trading- IET, Clean Development Mechanisms- CDM and Joint Implementation- JI, all of which attempt to limit the impact on the economic growth and development during GHG reduction. IET is where parties that go over their GHG emissions quota can purchase allowance credits from another party that have not exceeded their quota, emphasis has been placed on making it more cost effective for companies to meet their quota’s rather than relying on purchasing allowance credits. CDM is a project based mechanism where Annex 1 countries can meet their emission cut quota’s by helping third world countries develop greener sustainable technologies or sequestration, this help can be technological, expertise or financial and will help third world countries continue to develop whilst mitigating climate change.

An example of CDM is an energy efficiency project in Andhra Predesh, India which has targets to reduce carbon emissions by up to 35,000 tonnes/year. Joint Implementation is also a project based mechanism where industrialised countries work in conjunction to reduce GHG emissions, for instance one country can invest in a wind farm in another country and gain ERU- emission reduction units.
For the Kyoto Protocol to come into force 55 parties had to ratify and between them account for 55% of the carbon emissions of industrialised countries. In 2004 Russia ratified bringing the protocol into international law on the 16th February 2005. The Kyoto Protocol has 178 member Parties, 37 states of which have legally binding emissions reduction targets.


The Bangkok closing press release states the objective of both the UNFCCC and Kyoto as; “The ultimate objective of both treaties is to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that will prevent dangerous human interference with the climate system.” (UNFCCC Press Release 2008) The Bangkok Climate Change Talks concluded that JI, CDM and IEM should be continued.


The EU Emissions Trading Directive and EU Linking Directive and EC Renewables Directive are European laws brought in to help the EU make its Kyoto commitments. The EU ETS- emissions trading scheme forms a financial incentive for countries and companies to reduce their carbon emissions. EU member states set GWG emission limits on different sections of their industry. Companies can trade in GWG’s allowances so that if one company fails to meet its quota it may purchase allowances off another company. The EU linking Directive makes credits earnt within Kyoto mechanisms; JI, CDM and IEM, valid within the EU emissions trading scheme. The Renewable s Directive enforces the promotion of renewable energy sources. This is to secure energy supply for the future as well as mitigating climate change. Each member state must set targets for a percentage of their energy demands to be derived from renewable sources as well as promoting and funding new technological advances within the renewable resource sector.

In the management of climate change fundamental changes to our economical system and way of life are needed. The present system of centralised banks creating money through debt leads to the necessity of perpetual economical growth. A system needing perpetual growth on a finite planet will lead to the degradation of the planet. A citizen’s income scheme as proposed by The Green Economics Institute may be one solution in changing the economic modal. However any changes to our economic modals will be strongly opposed by business and governments alike. Therefore to tackle climate change effectively, any new approach will have to work within the present system, whilst subtlety bringing gradual change and evolution. CDM’s are a major breakthrough in the attempt to manage climate change and provide a counter-argument for sceptics argument on how climate change mitigation will affect third world development. The industrialised nations have developed largely on the backs of the third world and therefore have a duty to assist the economical and technological development of these nations, whilst promoting so-called ‘leap frogging’. No serious attempt at mitigating the threat of climate change can exist without fully incorporating developing nations. Therefore CDM projects are essential in bringing greener technologies to the developing nations as well as reducing the poverty and technological gaps between the third world and industrialised nations.


Figure 3: Shows the potential reduction in CO2 emissions over the next twenty years.

Added impetus needs to be added to energy conservation. The Global CO2 reduction potential based on energy efficiency for the period 2002-2030 has been estimated as high as 60% . The vast majority of this reduction will be within developing nations where older and less efficient technology is still in use. As the Chinese and Indian nations expand economically their potential for pollution and GHG’s emissions may overtake that of western nations. Therefore it is imperative to have strong commitments from these nations to mitigate climate change.


Figure 4: Shows present thinking that China will overtake the USA as world’s biggest CO2 emitter.


Greater investment is needed in green fuels. At present big industries and governments seem to favour Bio-fuels probably due to the economical return from large companies such as Monsanto growing Bio-fuels within forest regions of South America. Other technologies should be investigated and placed within the infrastructure of each member state depending on their regional differences. For instance the UK could produce more than its present demand for energy if the technology was developed to harness the sea’s energy. This technology is expensive and cumbersome but the vastly greater investment in fossil fuels could be re-directed towards these infantile technologies. CSP, Concentrating Solar Power, could be used within poor developing nations to generate electricity and even power desalination plants. More investment is needed in public transport especially within the UK and although the UK is one of the few countries meeting its Kyoto targets this is mainly due to a change in energy source away from coal rather than sound environment policy. More is needed on the local level to promote energy efficiency and deeper connection with the planet. At present the economical and sociological modal promotes a lack of respect for our planet.
The EU seems to be leading the way with environmental policy but local individual groups and international bodies must continue to act to form a cohesive group acting as a super-organism. Even if we fail to abate the worst of climate change this in itself will be a triumph.



Ref:
UNFCCC Secretariat, 2008, Press Release “Kyoto Protocol Clean development mechanism passes 1000th registered project milestone” p.1
UNFCCC Secretariat, 2008, Press Release UN Bangkok Climate Change Talks Reach Agreement on Work Programme for 2008 Send Important Signal to International Carbon Markets, Section About UNFCCC p.2
EU Emissions Trading Directive (2003/87/EC)
EU Linking Directive ( 2004/101/EC)
Directive 2001/77/EC of the European Parliament and of the council of September 27, 2001 on the promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy sources in the internal electricity Market.
Kennet Miriam (2007), Income For All, Green World GW58 07, Green Party Magazine.
Laura Cozzi, Economic Analysis Division, Energy and CO2 Emissions Outlook, World Energy Outloo-2006
Source: Toshiyuki Shirai, 2008, Global CO2 Reduction Potential: Approach from Energy Efficiency, Agency of Natural Resources and Energy, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Japan., p.2
IEA World Energy Outlook 2004
Thornton, J., Beckwith, S. (2004). Environmental Law (2nd Edition) Sweet and Maxwell, London
UNFCCC Secretariat, Kyoto Protocol Reference Manual on Accounting of emissions and Assigned Amounts, Feb 2007


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Climate

December 16th 2008 01:08

Modern Climate

Shared ideas and values to aid in decision making, climate change mitigation, socio-economic reforms and political evolution. Earth jurisprudence, wild law, Gia theory, landscape ecology, earth system science, life cycle analysis, sustainable construction, energy efficiency, low carbon technologies.

There must exist viable alternatives to the present climate of perpetual economic growth led earth leadership and governance. For the next stage in human development and survival a change in our present system is surely essential. The modern climate allows the wilful exploitation of people purely for financial gain. A system that allows needless wars to be under taken in the name of peace. A system that allows the degradation of our environment. A system that enables and aids the wealth of a few grow on the backs of others. A system that creates carelessness and disregard for life and bombards our youth with the belief that they have to consume to be happy.

What alternatives are there. What can we change in our economic, legal and political systems? What technologies and new theories can we apply to better human life? Can we remove the stranglehold the present economical model has? Is mitigation of climate change realistic?

Further posts will introduce concepts from earth jurisprudence, Gia theory sustainability, Kyoto Protocol.
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