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One marked symptom of liver failure is jaundice. Jaundice is easy to note physically since it discolors the skin to a yellow or orange tint. The whites of the eyes may also appear yellowish. Jaundice is a sign of the livers inability to successfully excrete bilirubin from the body. People with liver failure may also bleed easily or bruise excessively. Platelet count may be reduced in those with a failing liver, which thins the blood, making it harder for the blood to coagulate if a cut or a blunt injury occurs. Ascites, the accumulation of large amounts of fluid in the abdominal cavity, are quite frequently the result of liver failure.
An electromagnetic relay is a type of electrical switch controlled by an electromagnet. The electromagnetic relay is used in a variety of applications, including alarms and sensors, signal switching, and the detection and control of faults on electrical distribution lines. The core of the electromagnetic relay, naturally, is an electromagnet, formed by winding a coil around an iron core. When the coil is energized by passing current through it, the core in turn becomes magnetized, attracting a pivoting iron armature. The electromagnetic relay usually makes use of a diode to restrict the flow of the charge, with the cathode connected at the most positive end of the coil. The electromagnetic relay is capable of controlling an output of higher power than the input, and it is often used as a buffer to isolate circuits of varying energy potentials as a result.
Cilia are tiny hair-like organelles that reside on the surface of cells for the purpose of sweeping debris away from lung and nasal cavities. Cilia also line the Eustachian tubes, and sinuses, as well as the fallopian tubes in women. For each ciliated cell in the body, there are between 100 and 200 cilia, each one anchored by another organelle known as the basal body. Constructed of hollow cylindrical microtubules, each basal body is arranged in the same orientation to allow the movement of fluid and particles to occur in one direction.
The most common reason to suffer damaged or paralyzed cilia, however, is smoking. The cumulative effect of smoking on the cilia is that dirt, environmental pollutants, and toxins from cigarette smoke remain in the lungs.
Continued smoking may eventually lead to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema) or lung cancer. In fact, smoking eventually destroys the cilia, which may then be displaced by an excessive number of basal cells, or cancerous squamous cells. Over time, these cells may become cancerous. They may also become rogue, escaping through lung tissue and invading other parts of the body.
A car engine is also known as an internal combustion engine, and is designed to use small, controlled explosions to create the power necessary to move the vehicle. This type of engine is used in lawnmowers, motorcycles and other motorized devices. All car engines are designed to use a four stroke combustion cycle. The four strokes are the intake, compression, combustion and exhaust. These strokes are repeated in quick succession to generate power. All parts of the combustion cycle take place within an enclosed car engine.
A small, controlled explosion forces the piston, or "arms," of the engine to move. When the energy from the explosion is almost worn out, another explosion occurs, forcing the pistons to move again. This recurring cycle generates the power needed
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Nanotechnology is a branch of science that deals with particles 1-100 nanometers in size. Experts believe possible dangers of nanotechnology lie in how these tiny particles might interact with the environment, and more importantly, with the human body. Complicating the dangers of nanotechnology, size and shape of nanoparticles affect the level of toxicity, preempting the ease of uniform categories even when considering a single element. In general, experts report smaller particles are more bioactive and toxic. Their ability to interact with other living systems increases because they can easily cross the skin, lung, and in some cases the blood/brain barriers. Once inside the body, there may be further biochemical reactions like the creation of free radicals that damage cells.
Nanotechnology should not be confused with molecular nanotechnology (MNT) a still theoretical science dedicated to manufacturing products from the atom up through use of nanoscale machines.
Colitis is a general term for a large number of causes that result in inflammation in the lining of the bowel. Common symptoms associated with colitis are abdominal cramping, frequent loose stools or persistent diarrhea, loss of control of bowel function, fever, sleepiness, and weight loss.
Some forms of colitis may be caused by infection through bacteria, certain viruses, and some parasites. The most frequent cause of colitis in those with intestinal diseases is Crohns disease, which is a degenerative intestinal disorder. People with Crohns are more prone to colitis and to other serious conditions like perforated bowel. Irritable bowel disorder (IB) can also cause bouts of colitis.While antibiotics are used to treat bacterial colitis, they can also be indicated as a cause of colitis in some cases. Additional causes of colitis may include taking birth control medication, having autoimmune disorders, or smoking
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Reflexive sneezing induced by light, and sunlight in particular, is estimated to occur in 18 to 35 percent of the population and is known as the photic sneeze reflex (PSR) or the ACHOO (autosomal dominant compulsive helio-ophthalmic outbursts of sneezing) syndrome. Its genetic nature has been known for at least the last 25 years. Observations that emerging from dim light into sunlight or turning to face directly into the sun commonly triggers the reflex prompted early inquiries into the trait. The number of induced sneezes--which seems to be genetically mediated and can be predicted within a family--is constant from episode to episode and typically numbers two or three. Some consequences of the PSR include danger to automobile drivers when emerging from dim light, such as a tunnel, into full sunlight, and disruption of outdoor group photos.
Thunder is caused by lightning, which is essentially a stream of electrons flowing between or within clouds, or between a cloud and the ground. The air surrounding the electron stream is heated to as hot as 50,000 degrees Farhenheit, which is three times hotter than the surface of the sun. As the superheated air cools it produces a resonating tube of partial vacuum surrounding the lightning's path. The nearby air rapidly expands and contracts. This causes the column to vibrate like a tubular drum head and produces a tremendous crack. As the vibrations gradually die out, the sound echoes and reverberates, generating the rumbling we call thunder.The speed of sound is even more insignificant when compared to the speed of light. The light from the flash reaches us in a fraction of a second, whereas the sound lags along like a snail following an interplanetary rocket.
The audiovisual spectacle of thunder and lightning is a combination of the dynamics of the vibration of air molecules and their disturbance by electrical forces. It is an awesome show--and one that reminds all of us of the powers of nature and our own insignificance in relation to them.
A concussion is an immediate but reversible traumatic paralysis of the nervous function of the brain. It is usually caused by a blow to the head or by striking the head against a stationary object. In fact, a concussion is one of eight different types of traumatic brain injuries (TBI) that most commonly result from falls, motor vehicle accidents, sporting accidents and wrongful firearms discharges. A concussion involves a host of effects (secondary injuries) that emerge several hours or days after the trauma. It is critical for physicians to monitor these secondary tissue damages, as they are frequently the origin of significant long-term effects, including brain damage, cognitive deficits, psychosocial/behavioral/emoti onal changes, bodily damage and biochemical changes at the cellular level.
A typical water-softening system removes calcium and magnesium ions from hard water and replaces them with sodium ions. Calcium and magnesium ions interfere with the action of household soaps and detergents, but sodium does not. The water-softening process thus helps detergents to more effectively remove dirt and oils from clothing and dishes. It also helps soaps to give a "slippery" feel to your skin when you wash. Most manufacturers of water softeners recommend that you reduce the amount of soap and detergents you use after installing a water softener.
The water softener unit is located in your household plumbing near the place where water enters the house so that it softens the water used for drinking and washing but not for irrigation. The unit contains several cubic feet of porous plastic resin covered with molecules that attract and bind to positive ions dissolved in the water. Normally, sodium positive ions coat the resin, but as water flows over the resin on its way to your sink or washer, the naturally occurring calcium and magnesium positive ions that exist in hard water stick to the resin. This releases sodium ions into the water in order to maintain a balance of electrical charge on the resin. Gradually, most of the sodium ions are released into the household water, and the resin becomes saturated with calcium and magnesium ions. Every few days, the unit must renew the resin by rinsing it with a concentrated solution of saltwater (sodium chloride), usually in the middle of the night. The high concentration of sodium ions in the salty water displaces the calcium and magnesium ions the resin, and the resin becomes once again covered with sodium ions. The salty rinse water, calcium and magnesium ions are flushed down the drain, and the system resumes normal operation. (Every so often it is necessary to add a bag of sodium chloride salt to the softener unit to prepare this salty rinse water
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